?_c˙˙˙˙ÉËSJl!¤5S3gnuplotBrowseButtons()  /&;)z4˙˙ ‹ ˙˙˙˙|CONTEXTšł|CTXOMAP[*|FONT¨)|KWBTREE<;|KWDATAf*|KWMAPď:|SYSTEM|TOPIC’|TTLBTREEk›% %˙˙˙˙ 1˙˙˙˙=1Ť˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙=ˇz; ˇ? N€v€€‚‚ăÂĐÚ‰‚ăœalI‰‚ăŤxrI‰‚ă×xrI‰˙gnuplotcommandsGraphical User Interfacesbugs8=ď1Ž˙˙˙˙ ˙˙˙˙ďEgnuplotVҡE„ րĽ€€€‚‚‚‚ăĂĐÚ‰‚ă@ŃÚ‰‚ăľ Áű‰‚ăłÁű‰‚ăsÁű‰‚ăÁű‰‚ă'Áű‰‚ă‚Áű‰‚ăgÁű‰‚ă˘lI‰‚ăżalI‰‚ăA`lI‰‚ă—`lI‰˙gnuplotcopyrightintroductionseeking-assistanceWhat's New in version 3.6command-line-editingcommentcoordinatesenvironmentexpressionsglossarystart-upsubstitutionsyntax: ď1c;‘˙˙˙˙¨copyrighta*Eŕ7 <€U€€€‚‚‚€€‚‚€‚‚‚˙copyright Copyright (C) 1986 - 1993, 1996 Thomas Williams, Colin KelleyPermission to use, copy, and distribute this software and its documentation for any purpose with or without fee is hereby granted, provided that the above copyright notice appears in all copies and that both that copyright notice and this permission notice appear in supporting documentation. Permission to modify the software is granted, but not the right to distribute the modified code. Modifications are to be distributed as patches to the released version. ČZ¨n Ş€ľ€€‚‚‚‚€€‚€€‚€€‚€€‚€€‚€€‚€€‚€€‚€€‚€€‚‚˙This software is provided "as is" without express or implied warranty. AUTHORS Original Software: Thomas Williams, Colin Kelley. Gnuplot 2.0 additions: Russell Lang, Dave Kotz, John Campbell. Gnuplot 3.0 additions: Gershon Elber and many others.= ŕĺ1ź €˙˙˙˙ĺpAintroductionU¨: > J€/€€€‚‚ăÂĐÚ€‰ăďulI‰ăŠglI‰‚˙introductiongnuplot is a command-driven interactive function and data plotting program. It is case sensitive (commands and function names written in lowercase are not the same as those written in CAPS). All command names may be abbreviated as long as the abbreviation is not ambiguous. Any number of commands may appear on a line (with the exception that load or call must be the final command), separated by semicolons (;). Strings are indicated with quotes. They may be either single or double quotation marks, e.g., 7ăĺq T v€Ç€€‚€€‚€€‚‚ă—`lI‰‚‚ăÂĐÚ‰ăďulI‰ăÂĐÚ‰ăÂĐÚ‰‚˙ load "filename" cd 'dir'although there are some subtle differences (see syntax for more details). Any command-line arguments are assumed to be names of files containing gnuplot commands, with the exception of standard X11 arguments, which are processed first. Each file is loaded with the load command, in the order specified. gnuplot exits after the last file is processed. When no load files are named, gnuplot enters into an interactive mode. ‡T: ř3 4€Š€€‚ăÂĐÚ‰‚‚ăÁű‰‚˙Many gnuplot commands have multiple options. These options must appear in the proper order, although unwanted ones may be omitted in most cases. Thus if the entire command is "command a b c", then "command a c" will probably work, but "command c a" will fail. Commands may extend over several input lines by ending each line but the last with a backslash (\). The backslash must be the _last_ character on each line. The effect is as if the backslash and newline were not there. That is, no white space is implied, nor is a comment terminated. Therefore, commenting out a continued line comments out the entire command (see comment). But note that if an error occurs somewhere on a multi-line command, the parser may not be able to locate precisely where the error is and in that case will not necessarily point to the correct line. l q pA_ Œ€€€‚ăÂĐÚ‰ă¸olI‰€€‚‚ă¸olI‰ă¸olI‰€€‚‚ăÂĐÚ‰ăĂvlI‰ăĂvlI‰‚˙In this document, curly braces ({}) denote optional arguments and a vertical bar (|) separates mutually exclusive choices. gnuplot keywords or help topics are indřpA¨icated by backquotes or boldface (where available). Angle brackets (<>) are used to mark replaceable tokens. For on-line help on any topic, type help followed by the name of the topic or just help or ? to get a menu of available topics. The new gnuplot user should begin by reading about the plot command (if on-line, type help plot). CřłA15‘6†˙˙˙˙łAĽHseeking-assistanceK pAţCB R€€€€‚‚€ăÂĐÚ‰‚€€‚‚€€‚‚˙seeking-assistanceThere is a mailing list for gnuplot users. Note, however, that the newsgroup comp.graphics.apps.gnuplotis identical to the mailing list (they both carry the same set of messages). We prefer that you read the messages through the newsgroup rather than subscribing to the mailing list. Administrative requests should be sent to majordomo@dartmouth.eduSend a message with the body (not the subject) consisting of the single word "help" (without the quotes) for more details. ťlłAšFO l€Ů€€‚‚€€‚‚‚€€‚‚‚€€‚‚‚€€‚‚ăÂĐÚ‰‚˙The address for mailing to list members is: info-gnuplot@dartmouth.eduBug reports and code contributions should be mailed to: bug-gnuplot@dartmouth.eduThe list of those interested in beta-test versions is: info-gnuplot-beta@dartmouth.eduThere is also a World Wide Web page with up-to-date information, including known bugs: http://www.cs.dartmouth.edu/gnuplotBefore seeking help, please check the FAQ (Frequently Asked Questions) list. If you do not have a copy of the FAQ, you may request a copy by email from the Majordomo address above, or see the WWW gnuplot page. ěÁţCĽH+ $€ƒ€€‚ăÂĐÚ‰‚˙When posting a question, please include full details of the version of gnuplot, the machine, and operating system you are using. A _small_ script demonstrating the problem may be useful. Function plots are preferable to datafile plots. If email-ing to info-gnuplot, please state whether or not you are subscribed to the list, so that users who use news will know to email a reply to you. There is a form for such postings on the WWW site. JšFďH1ż €b˙˙˙˙ďHp„What's New in version 3.6ÓĽH KJ b€§€€€‚‚€‚‚€€€€‚‚ă›lI‰‚‚ăőWqI‰‚˙What's New in version 3.6Gnuplot version 3.6 contains many new features. This section gives a partial list and links to the new items in no particular order. 1. fit f(x) 'file' via uses the Levison-Marquardt method to fit data. (This is only slightly different from the gnufit patch available for 3.5.) 2. Greatly expanded using command. 3. set timefmt allows for the use of dates as input and output for time series plots. See timedat.dem. ŐďH,MK d€Ť€€‚‚‚ă,ňnI‰‚‚ă¤ŐnI‰‚‚ăónI‰‚‚ă™>pI‰€€‚˙ 4. Multiline labels and font selection in some drivers. 5. Minor (unlabeled) tics. See set mxtics. 6. key options for moving the key box in the page (and even outside of the plot), putting a title on it and a box around it, and more. 7. Multiplots on a single logical page with set multiplot. 8. Enhanced postscript driver with super/subscripts and font changes. (This was a separate driver (enhpost) that was available as a patch for 3.5.) -Č KYOe ˜€‘€€‚ăĂvlI‰‚‚€€€€ă*”lI‰‚‚ă'Áű‰‚‚ă‚oI‰‚‚ă|ënI‰‚‚ăŠglI‰ăďulI‰‚˙ 9. Second axes: use the top and right axes independently of the bottom and left, both for plotting and labels. See plot. 10. Special datafile names '-' and "". See plot special-filenames. 11. Additional coordinate systems for labels and arrows. See coordinates. 12. set size tries to plot with a specified aspect ratio. 13. set missing now treats missing data correctly. 14. The call command: load with arguments. Ś,Mzo Ź€M€€‚€€€€€€‚‚ăoI‰‚‚€€‚‚ă#pI‰ăýpI‰ăTFpI‰ă`oI‰‚‚€€ăhoI‰‚˙ 15. More flexible range commands with reverse andYOzĽH writeback keywords. 16. set encoding for multi-lingual encoding. 17. New x11 driver with persistent and multiple windows. 18. New plotting styles: xerrorbars, histeps, financebars and more. See set style. 19. New tic label formats, including "%l %L" which uses the mantissa and exponents to a given base for labels. See set format.  YO}ƒc ”€A€€‚ăÖpI‰€€‚‚ăĂvlI‰ăŌlI‰‚‚ăënI‰ăBůnI‰‚‚ă%ÂmI‰‚‚ă plI‰ăĄŚmI‰‚˙ 20. New drivers, including cgm for inclusion into MS-Office applications and gif for serving plots to the WEB. 21. Smoothing and spline-fitting options for plot. See plot smooth. 22. set margin and set origin give much better control over where a graph appears on the page. 23. set border now controls each border individually. 24. The new commands if and reread allow command loops. óÂzp„1 0€…€€‚ăĂvlI‰ăážmI‰‚˙25. Point styles and sizes, line types and widths can be specified on the plot command. Line types and widths can also be specified for grids, borders, tics and arrows. See plot with. E}ƒľ„1q 6†ň ˙˙˙˙ľ„áŽcommand-line-editingn.p„#‡@ N€]€€€‚‚€ăÂĐÚ‰‚‚ăÂĐÚ‰ăÂĐÚ‰‚˙command-line-editingCommand-line editing is supported by the Unix, Atari, VMS, MS-DOS and OS/2 versions of gnuplot. Also, a history mechanism allows previous commands to be edited and re-executed. After the command line has been edited, a newline or carriage return will enter the entire line without regard to where the cursor is positioned. (The readline function in gnuplot is not the same as the readline used in GNU Bash and GNU Emacs. If the GNU version is desired, it may be selected instead of the gnuplot version at compile time.) ¨ľ„0‰e ˜€Q€€‚‚‚€€‚€€‚€€‚€€‚€€‚€€‚€€‚€€‚€€‚˙The editing commands are as follows: `Line-editing`: ^B moves back a single character. ^F moves forward a single character. ^A moves to the beginning of the line. ^E moves to the end of the line. ^H and DEL delete the previous character. ^D deletes the current character. ^K deletes from current position to the end of line.řœ#‡(Œ\ †€9€€€‚€€‚€€‚‚‚€€‚‚‚€€‚€€‚‚ăÂĐÚ‰ăÂĐÚ‰‚˙ ^L,^R redraws line in case it gets trashed. ^U deletes the entire line. ^W deletes the last word. `History`: ^P moves back through history. ^N moves forward through history.On the IBM PC, the use of a TSR program such as DOSEDIT or CED may be desired for line editing. The default makefile assumes that this is the case; by default gnuplot will be compiled with no line-editing capability. If you want to use gnuplot's line editing, set READLINE in the makefile and add readline.obj to the link file. The following arrow keys may be used on the IBM PC and Atari versions if readline is used: Ľ0‰3Žf š€K€€‚€€‚€€‚€€‚€€‚€€‚€€‚‚‚‚€€‚€€‚€€‚˙ Left Arrow - same as ^B. Right Arrow - same as ^F. Ctrl Left Arrow - same as ^A. Ctrl Right Arrow - same as ^E. Up Arrow - same as ^P. Down Arrow - same as ^N.The Atari version of readline defines some additional key aliases: Undo - same as ^L. Home - same as ^A. Ctrl Home - same as ^E.Žy(ŒáŽ5 :€ň€€€‚€€‚€€‚‚˙ Esc - same as ^U. Help - `help` plus return. Ctrl Help - `help `.83Ž1¤b€˙˙˙˙‘Ŕcommentl:᎑Ŕ2 2€u€€€‚‚€ăÂĐÚ‰‚˙commentComments are supported as follows: a # may appear in most places in a line and gnuplot will ignore the rest of the line. It will not have this effect inside quotes, i‘ŔáŽnside numbers (including complex numbers), inside command substitutions, etc. In short, it works anywhere it makes sense to work. < ÍŔ1ďň č„˙˙˙˙ÍŔ€Ćcoordinatesž8‘Ŕ‹Ä† ڀq€€€‚‚€㸳mI‰ă¤ŐnI‰ăÝnI‰‚‚€€‚‚€€€€€€€€‚‚€€€€€€ăQqI‰€€ă‚oI‰‚˙coordinatesThe commands set arrow, set key, and set label allow you to draw something at an arbitrary position on the graph. This position is specified by the syntax: {} , {} {,{} }Each can either be first, second, graph or screen. first places the x, y, or z coordinate in the system defined by the left and bottom axes; second places it in the system defined by the second axes (top and right); graph specifies the area within the axes---0,0 is bottom left and 1,1 is top right (for splot, 0,0,0 is bottom left of plotting area; use negative z to get to the base---see set ticslevel); and screen specifies the screen area (the entire area---not just the portion selected by set size), with 0,0 at bottom left and 1,1 at top right. ő°ÍŔ€ĆE X€a€€‚€€‚‚ăőWqI‰ăĺeqI‰ăőWqI‰ăÂĐÚ‰‚˙If the coordinate system for x is not specified, first is used. If the system for y is not specified, the one used for x is adopted. If one (or more) axis is timeseries, the appropriate coordinate should be given as a quoted time string according to the timefmt format string. See set xdata and set timefmt. gnuplot will also accept an integer expression, which will be interpreted as seconds from 1 January 2000. < ‹ÄźĆ1G€ů‹ ˙˙˙˙źĆÇÎenvironmentZ€ĆÉB R€1€€€‚‚€ăÂĐÚ‰‚‚ăÂĐÚ‰ăżalI‰‚‚‚˙environmentA number of shell environment variables are understood by gnuplot. None of these are required, but may be useful. If GNUTERM is defined, it is used as the name of the terminal type to be used. This overrides any terminal type sensed by gnuplot on start-up, but is itself overridden by the .gnuplot (or equivalent) start-up file (see start-up) and, of course, by later explicit changes. On Unix, AmigaDOS, AtariTOS, MS-DOS and OS/2, GNUHELP may be defined to be the pathname of the HELP file (gnuplot.gih). ÝźĆ2Ë? L€ť€€‚ăÂĐÚ‰ăÂĐÚ‰ăÂĐÚ‰‚‚ă¸olI‰‚˙On VMS, the logical name gnuplot$HELP should be defined as the name of the help library for gnuplot. The gnuplot help can be put inside any system help library, allowing access to help from both within and outside gnuplot if desired. On Unix, HOME is used as the name of a directory to search for a .gnuplot file if none is found in the current directory. On AmigaDOS, AtariTOS, MS-DOS and OS/2, gnuplot is used. On VMS, SYS$LOGIN: is used. See help start-up. ÔÉ;Í5 8€Š€€‚‚‚ăKrrI‰ăKrrI‰‚‚‚˙On Unix, PAGER is used as an output filter for help messages. On Unix, AtariTOS and AmigaDOS, SHELL is used for the shell command. On MS-DOS and OS/2, COMSPEC is used for the shell command. On MS-DOS, if the BGI interface is used, BGI is used to point to the full path of the BGI drivers directory. Furthermore, SVGA is used to name the Super VGA BGI driver in 800x600 resolution and its mode of operation is Name.Mode. E.g., if the Super VGA driver is ŒH2ËÇÎD V€‘€€€‚‚€€‚€€‚‚ăÂĐÚ‰ă§hlI‰‚˙ C:\TC\BGI\SVGADRV.BGIand mode 3 is used for 800x600 resolution, then use the following: set BGI=C:\TC\BGI set SVGA=SVGADRV.3FIT_SCRIPT may be used to specify a gnuplot command to be executed when a fit is interrupted---see fit. FIT_LOG specifies the filename of the logfile maintained by fit. < ;ÍĎ1Ęč„  ˙˙˙˙ĎŹexpressionsđÇÎ-. *€á€€€‚‚€‚‚‚˙expressionsIn general, any mathematical expression accepted by C, FORTRAN, Pascal, or BASIC is valid. The precedence of these operators is determined by the specifications of the C programming languageĎ-ÇÎ. White space (spaces and tabs) is ignored inside expressions. Complex constants are expressed as {,}, where and must be numerical constants. For example, {3,2} represents 3 + 2i; {0,1} represents 'i' itself. The curly braces are explicitly required here. vQĎŁ% €Ł€€‚‚˙Note that gnuplot uses both "real" and "integer" arithmetic, like FORTRAN and C. Integers are entered as "1", "-10", etc; reals as "1.0", "-10.0", "1e1", 3.5e-1, etc. The most important difference between the two forms is in division: division of integers truncates: 5/2 = 2; division of reals does not: 5.0/2.0 = 2.5. In mixed expressions, integers are "promoted" to reals before evaluation: 5/2e0 = 2.5. The result of division of a negative integer by a positive one may vary among compilers. Try a test like "print -5/2" to determine if your system chooses -2 or -3 as the answer. Ď-Ź: B€Ÿ€€‚‚‚ă3Áű‰‚ăœ;Áű‰‚ăœĄlI‰˙The real and imaginary parts of complex expressions are always real, whatever the form in which they are entered: in {3,2} the "3" and "2" are reals, not integers. functionsoperatorsuser-defined: Łć1Qů‹` ˙˙˙˙ćý functions ÉŹňC T€“€€€‚‚€ăÂĐÚ‰‚‚ă°­mI‰‚‚‚ădÁű‰‚˙functionsThe functions in gnuplot are the same as the corresponding functions in the Unix math library, except that all functions accept integer, real, and complex arguments, unless otherwise noted. For those functions that accept or return angles that may be given in either degrees or radians (sin(x), cos(x), tan(x), asin(x), acos(x), atan(x), atan2(x) and arg(z)), the unit may be selected by set angles, which defaults to radians. absýć  đű€ă´Áű€‰‚ăŢÁű‰‚ăćÁű‰‚ăÁű‰‚ă9Áű‰‚ă›&Áű‰‚ă%Áű‰‚ăA%Áű‰‚ăt%Áű‰‚ăr%Áű‰‚ă›%Áű‰‚ăÄ%Áű‰‚ăí%Áű‰‚ă&Áű‰‚ăK&Áű‰‚ăI&Áű‰‚ăs&Áű‰‚ăÖ-Áű‰‚ăS,Áű‰‚ă~,Áű‰‚ă¨,Áű‰‚ăŇ,Áű‰‚ăű,Áű‰‚ă%-Áű‰‚ă--Áű‰‚ăV-Áű‰‚ă-Áű‰‚ăŠ-Áű‰‚ă 5Áű‰‚ă5Áű‰‚ăŒ3Áű‰‚ăˇ3Áű‰‚ăß3Áű‰‚ă 4Áű‰‚˙acosacoshargasinasinhatanatan2atanhbesj0besj1besy0besy1ceilcoscosherferfcexpfloorgammaibetainverfigammaimaginvnormintlgammaloglog10normrandrealsgnsinýzňý ƒ րô€ă<4Áű€‰‚ă:4Áű‰‚ăb4Áű‰‚ă‹4Áű‰‚ăź4Áű‰‚ăĺ4Áű‰‚ăF<Áű‰‚ăÁ:Áű‰‚ăČ:Áű‰‚ăđ:Áű‰‚ă;Áű‰‚ăA;Áű‰‚ăI;Áű‰‚ăq;Áű‰˙sinhsqrttantanhcolumntm_hourtm_mdaytm_mintm_montm_sectm_wdaytm_ydaytm_yearvalid4 1 1h _ ˙˙˙˙1 e abs4˙ý e 5 8€˙€€€‚‚‚€€€‚‚‚˙absThe abs function returns the absolute value of its argument. The returned value is of the same type as the argument. For complex arguments, abs(x) is defined as the length of x in the complex plane [i.e., sqrt(real(x)**2 + imag(x)**2) ]. 51 š 1` ˙˙˙˙š € acosć¨e € > J€Q€€€‚‚€€€€€€€‚˙acosThe acos function returns the arc cosine (inverse cosine) of its argument. acos returns its argument in radians or degrees, as selected by set angles. 6š ś 1Ę_j˙˙˙˙ś J acosh”c€ J 1 2€Ć€€€‚‚€€€‚˙acoshThe acosh function returns the inverse hyperbolic cosine of its argument in radians. 4ś ~ 1âá˙˙˙˙~ ,argŽwJ ,7 >€î€€€‚‚€€€ă°­mI‰‚˙argThe arg function returns the phase of a complex number in radians or degrees, as selected by set angles. 5~ a1jƒ ˙˙˙˙aAasinŕ˘,A> J€E€€€‚‚€€€€€€€‚˙asinThe asin function returns the arc sin (inverse sin) of its argument. asin returns its argument in radians or degrees, as selected by set angles. 6aw1Çá€˙˙˙˙w@asinh‘`A@1 2€Ŕ€€€‚‚€€€‚˙asinhThe asinh function returns the inverse hyperbolic sin of its argument in radw@Aians. 5wI@1ƒ Ť€˙˙˙˙I@2AatanéŤ@2A> J€W€€€‚‚€€€€€ă°­mI‰‚˙atanThe atan function returns the arc tangent (inverse tangent) of its argument. atan returns its argument in radians or degrees, as selected by set angles. 6I@hA1[€’˙˙˙˙hABatan2%ç2AB> J€Ď€€€‚‚€€€€€ă°­mI‰‚˙atan2The atan2 function returns the arc tangent (inverse tangent) of the ratio of the real parts of its arguments. atan2 returns its argument in radians or degrees, as selected by set angles, in the correct quadrant. 6hAĂB1ËŤ€ö˙˙˙˙ĂBXCatanh•dBXC1 2€Č€€€‚‚€€€‚˙atanhThe atanh function returns the inverse hyperbolic tangent of its argument in radians. 6ĂBŽC1đ’x‚˙˙˙˙ŽCHDbesj0ş‚XCHD8 >€€€€‚‚€€€€€‚˙besj0The besj0 function returns the j0th Bessel function of its argument. besj0 expects its argument to be in radians. 6ŽC~D1đöú‚˙˙˙˙~D8Ebesj1ş‚HD8E8 >€€€€‚‚€€€€€‚˙besj1The besj1 function returns the j1st Bessel function of its argument. besj1 expects its argument to be in radians. 6~DnE1đx‚|ƒ˙˙˙˙nE(Fbesy0ş‚8E(F8 >€€€€‚‚€€€€€‚˙besy0The besy0 function returns the y0th Bessel function of its argument. besy0 expects its argument to be in radians. 6nE^F1đú‚ţƒ˙˙˙˙^FGbesy1ş‚(FG8 >€€€€‚‚€€€€€‚˙besy1The besy1 function returns the y1st Bessel function of its argument. besy1 expects its argument to be in radians. 5^FMG14|ƒń˙˙˙˙MGLHceil˙ÇGLH8 >€€€€‚‚€€€€€‚˙ceilThe ceil function returns the smallest integer that is not less than its argument. For complex numbers, ceil returns the smallest integer not less than the real part of its argument. 4MG€H1ţƒV…˙˙˙˙€HOIcosϑLHOI> J€#€€€‚‚€€€€€ă°­mI‰‚˙cosThe cos function returns the cosine of its argument. cos accepts its argument in radians or degrees, as selected by set angles. 5€H„I1éńӅ˙˙˙˙„I8Jcosh´}OI8J7 >€ú€€€‚‚€€€€€‚˙coshThe cosh function returns the hyperbolic cosine of its argument. cosh expects its argument to be in radians. 4„IlJ1 V…v†˙˙˙˙lJAKerfŐŁ8JAK2 2€G€€€‚‚€€€‚˙erfThe erf function returns the error function of the real part of its argument. If the argument is a complex value, the imaginary component is ignored. 5lJvK1Ӆ!‡˙˙˙˙vKSLerfcÝŤAKSL2 2€W€€€‚‚€€€‚˙erfcThe erfc function returns 1.0 - the error function of the real part of its argument. If the argument is a complex value, the imaginary component is ignored. 4vK‡L1™v†Nˆ˙˙˙˙‡LěMexpe-SLěM8 >€[€€€‚‚€€€€€‚˙expThe exp function returns the exponential function of its argument (e raised to the power of its argument). On some implementations (notably suns), exp(-x) returns undefined for very large x. A user-defined function like safe(x) = x<-100 ? 0 : exp(x) might prove useful in these cases. 6‡L"N14!‡‰˙˙˙˙"N OfloorţĆěM O8 >€€€€‚‚€€€€€‚˙floorThe floor function returns the largest integer not greater than its argument. For complex numbers, floor returns the largest integer not greater than the real part of its argument. 6"NVO1PNˆ ˙˙˙˙VO\€gammaúČ O\€2 2€‘€€€‚‚€€€‚˙gammaThe gamma function returns the gamma function of the real part of its argument. For integer n, gamma(n+1) =VO\€ O n!. If the argument is a complex value, the imaginary component is ignored. 6VO’€10‰Č!˙˙˙˙’€ŒibetaúČ\€Œ2 2€‘€€€‚‚€€€‚˙ibetaThe ibeta function returns the incomplete beta function of the real parts of its arguments. p, q > 0 and x in [0:1]. If the arguments are complex, the imaginary components are ignored. 7’€Á1Đ0"˙˙˙˙Á\‚inverf™hŒ\‚1 2€Đ€€€‚‚€€€‚˙inverfThe inverf function returns the inverse error function of the real part of its argument. 7Á“‚1.Čő#˙˙˙˙“‚Šƒigamma÷Ĺ\‚Šƒ2 2€‹€€€‚‚€€€‚˙igammaThe igamma function returns the incomplete gamma function of the real parts of its arguments. a > 0 and x >= 0. If the arguments are complex, the imaginary components are ignored. 5“‚żƒ1Â0Q$˙˙˙˙żƒL„imag\ŠƒL„1 2€¸€€€‚‚€€€‚˙imagThe imag function returns the imaginary part of its argument as a real number. 8żƒ„„1áőÉ%˙˙˙˙„„-…invnormŠxL„-…1 2€đ€€€‚‚€€€‚˙invnormThe invnorm function returns the inverse normal distribution function of the real part of its argument. 4„„a…1ĂQ'&˙˙˙˙a…đ…int^-…đ…1 2€ź€€€‚‚€€€‚˙intThe int function returns the integer part of its argument, truncated toward zero. 7a…'†1+Éé'˙˙˙˙'†‡lgammaôÂđ…‡2 2€…€€€‚‚€€€‚˙lgammaThe lgamma function returns the natural logarithm of the gamma function of the real part of its argument. If the argument is a complex value, the imaginary component is ignored. 4'†O‡1Â'@(˙˙˙˙O‡݇logŽW‡݇7 >€Ž€€€‚‚€€€€€‚˙logThe log function returns the natural logarithm (base e) of its argument. 6O‡ˆ1šé’)˙˙˙˙ˆ–ˆlog10ƒR݇–ˆ1 2€¤€€€‚‚€€€‚˙log10The log10 function returns the logarithm (base 10) of its argument. 5ˆˈ1Ţ@ *˙˙˙˙ˈt‰normŠx–ˆt‰1 2€đ€€€‚‚€€€‚˙normThe norm function returns the normal distribution function (or Gaussian) of the real part of its argument. 5ˈŠ‰1b’+˙˙˙˙Š‰֊rand-űt‰֊2 2€÷€€€‚‚€€€‚˙randThe rand function returns a pseudo random number in the interval [0:1] using the real part of its argument as a seed. If seed < 0, the sequence is (re)initialized. If the argument is a complex value, the imaginary component is ignored. 5Š‰ ‹1Ź K,˙˙˙˙ ‹‚‹realwF֊‚‹1 2€Œ€€€‚‚€€€‚˙realThe real function returns the real part of its argument. 4 ‹ś‹1/-˙˙˙˙ś‹ąŒsgnűɂ‹ąŒ2 2€“€€€‚‚€€€‚˙sgnThe sgn function returns 1 if its argument is positive, -1 if its argument is negative, and 0 if its argument is 0. If the argument is a complex value, the imaginary component is ignored. 4ś‹ĺŒ1KŠ.˙˙˙˙ĺŒ¸sinӕąŒ¸> J€+€€€‚‚€€€€€ă°­mI‰‚˙sinThe sin function returns the sine of its argument. sin expects its argument to be in radians or degrees, as selected by set angles. 5ĺŒí1ç$/˙˙˙˙퍟Žsinh˛{¸ŸŽ7 >€ö€€€‚‚€€€€€‚˙sinhThe sinh function returns the hyperbolic sine of its argument. sinh expects its argument to be in radians. 5íԎ1ŽŠl0˙˙˙˙ԎMsqrtyHŸŽM1 2€€€€‚‚€€€‚˙sqrtThe sqrt function returns the square root of its argument. 4Ԏ11$€1˙˙˙˙cŔtan֘McŔ> J€1€€€‚‚€€€€€ă°­mI‰‚˙tanThe tan function returns the tangent of its argument. cŔMtan expects its argument to be in radians or degrees, as selected by set angles. 5˜Ŕ1 l°€2˙˙˙˙˜ŔƒÁtanhë°cŔƒÁ; D€a€€€‚‚€€€€€‚‚‚‚˙tanhThe tanh function returns the hyperbolic tangent of its argument. tanh expects its argument to be in radians. A few additional functions are also available. 7˜ŔşÁ1€A3˙˙˙˙şÁ‡Âcolumn͑ƒÁ‡Â< F€#€€€‚‚‚€€ă›lI‰ă›lI‰‚˙columncolumn(x) may be used only in expressions as part of using manipulations to fits or datafile plots. See plot datafile using. 8şÁżÂ1°€ć4˙˙˙˙żÂ–Ătm_hour׼‡Â–Ă2 2€K€€€‚‚€€€‚˙tm_hourThe tm_hour function interprets its argument as a time, in seconds from 1 Jan 2000. It returns the hour (an integer in the range 0--23) as a real. 8żÂÎĂ1A—‚5˙˙˙˙ÎĂąÄtm_mday㱖ĂąÄ2 2€c€€€‚‚€€€‚˙tm_mdayThe tm_mday function interprets its argument as a time, in seconds from 1 Jan 2000. It returns the day of the month (an integer in the range 1--31) as a real. 7ÎĂčÄ1 ć;ƒ6˙˙˙˙čÄžĹtm_minÖ¤ąÄžĹ2 2€I€€€‚‚€€€‚˙tm_minThe tm_min function interprets its argument as a time, in seconds from 1 Jan 2000. It returns the minute (an integer in the range 0--59) as a real. 7čÄőĹ1 —‚ރ7˙˙˙˙őĹĘĆtm_monŐŁžĹĘĆ2 2€G€€€‚‚€€€‚˙tm_monThe tm_mon function interprets its argument as a time, in seconds from 1 Jan 2000. It returns the month (an integer in the range 1--12) as a real. 7őĹÇ1 ;ƒ‚„8˙˙˙˙Ç×Çtm_secÖ¤ĘĆ×Ç2 2€I€€€‚‚€€€‚˙tm_secThe tm_sec function interprets its argument as a time, in seconds from 1 Jan 2000. It returns the second (an integer in the range 0--59) as a real. 8ÇČ1ރ0…9˙˙˙˙ČďČtm_wdayŕŽ×ÇďČ2 2€]€€€‚‚€€€‚˙tm_wdayThe tm_wday function interprets its argument as a time, in seconds from 1 Jan 2000. It returns the day of the week (an integer in the range 1--7) as a real. 8Č'É1‚„ŕ…:˙˙˙˙'É Ętm_ydayâ°ďČ Ę2 2€a€€€‚‚€€€‚˙tm_ydayThe tm_yday function interprets its argument as a time, in seconds from 1 Jan 2000. It returns the day of the year (an integer in the range 1--366) as a real. 8'ÉAĘ1ű0…q†;˙˙˙˙AĘËtm_yearÑ ĘË2 2€#€€€‚‚€€€‚˙tm_yearThe tm_year function interprets its argument as a time, in seconds from 1 Jan 2000. It returns the year (an integer) as a real. 6AĘ:Ë1˙ŕ…˙†<˙˙˙˙:ËĚvalidɎËĚ; D€€€€‚‚€€ă›lI‰ă›lI‰‚˙validvalid(x) may be used only in expressions as part of using manipulations to fits or datafile plots. See plot datafile using. : :Ë=Ě1ëq†gˆ=˙˙˙˙=ĚîÍoperatorsąhĚîÍI `€Ń€€€‚‚€ăÂĐÚ‰‚‚‚‚ăĆ;Áű‰‚ăýAÁű‰‚ă+CÁű‰˙operatorsThe operators in gnuplot are the same as the corresponding operators in the C programming language, except that all operators accept integer, real, and complex arguments, unless otherwise noted. The ** operator (exponentiation) is supported, as in FORTRAN. Parentheses may be used to change order of evaluation. unarybinaryternary6=Ě$Î1Ę˙†J>˙˙˙˙$ΚunaryšîÍG^ Š€s€€€‚‚€‚‚€€‚€€‚€€‚€€‚€€‚€€‚€€‚˙unaryThe following is a list of all the unary operators and their usages: Symbol Example Explanation - -a unary minus + +a unary plus (no-operation) ~ ~a * one's complement ! !a * logical negation ! a! * factorial $ $ÎGîÍ $3 * call arg/column during `using` manipulationrJ$Κ( €•€€‚‚‚‚‚˙(*) Starred explanations indicate that the operator requires an integer argument. Operator precedence is the same as in Fortran and C. As in those languages, parantheses may be used to change the order of operation. Thus -2**2 = -4, but (-2)**2 = 4. The factorial operator returns a real number to allow a greater range. 7Gđ1ţgˆ?˙˙˙˙đˇbinaryşše ˜€u€€€‚‚€‚‚€€‚€€‚€€‚€€‚€€‚€€‚€€‚€€‚˙binaryThe following is a list of all the binary operators and their usages: Symbol Example Explanation ** a**b exponentiation * a*b multiplication / a/b division % a%b * modulo + a+b addition - a-b subtraction == a==b equality%Ćđ4_ Œ€€€€‚€€‚€€‚€€‚€€‚€€‚€€‚€€‚€€‚˙ != a!=b inequality < a a>b greater than >= a>=b greater than or equal to & a&b * bitwise AND ^ a^b * bitwise exclusive OR | a|b * bitwise inclusive OR && a&&b * logical ANDƒLˇ7 <€™€€€‚‚‚‚€€€€‚˙ || a||b * logical OR(*) Starred explanations indicate that the operator requires integer arguments. Logical AND (&&) and OR (||) short-circuit the way they do in C. That is, the second && operand is not evaluated if the first is false; the second || operand is not evaluated if the first is true. 84ď1aJ‰ @˙˙˙˙ďternaryUˇD ? L€-€€€‚‚€‚‚€€‚€€‚‚‚‚‚˙ternaryThere is a single ternary operator: Symbol Example Explanation ?: a?b:c ternary operationThe ternary operator behaves as it does in C. The first argument (a), which must be an integer, is evaluated. If it is true (non-zero), the second argument (b) is evaluated and returned; otherwise the third argument (c) is evaluated and returned. The ternary operator is very useful both in constructing piecewise functions and in plotting points only when certain conditions are met. y=ď˝ < F€{€€‚‚‚‚€€‚€€‚ăÂĐÚ‰‚˙Examples: Plot a function that is to equal sin(x) for 0 <= x < 1, 1/x for 1 <= x < 2, and undefined elsewhere: f(x) = 0<=x && x<1 ? sin(x) : 1<=x && x<2 ? 1/x : 1/0 plot f(x)Note that gnuplot quietly ignores undefined values, so the final branch of the function (1/0) will produce no plottable points. Note also that f(x) will be plotted as a continuous function across the discontinuity if a line style is used. To plot it discontinuously, create separate functions for the two pieces. (Parametric functions are also useful for this purpose.) [ D ; D€A€€‚‚‚€€‚‚ă›lI‰ă›lI‰‚˙For data in a file, plot the average of the data in columns 2 and 3 against the datum in column 1, but only if the datum in column 4 is non-negative: plot 'file' using 1:( $4<0 ? 1/0 : ($2+$3)/2 )Please see plot data-file using for an explanation of the using syntax. = ˝ U1qOƒA˙˙˙˙U`Duser-definedÁq@O l€ƒ€€€‚‚€ăĂvlI‰‚‚‚€€‚‚‚‚‚€€‚‚‚€€‚˙user-definedNew user-defined variables and functions of one through five variables may be declared and used anywhere, including on the plot command itself. User-defined function syntax: ( {,} ... {,} ) = where is defined in terms of through . User-Uq@defined variable syntax: = Examples: w = 2)ÂUšBg œ€…€€€‚€€‚€€‚€€‚€€‚€€‚€€‚€€‚€€‚‚€€‚˙ q = floor(tan(pi/2 - 0.1)) f(x) = sin(w*x) sinc(x) = sin(pi*x)/(pi*x) delta(t) = (t == 0) ramp(t) = (t > 0) ? t : 0 min(a,b) = (a < b) ? a : b comb(n,k) = n!/(k!*(n-k)!) len3d(x,y,z) = sqrt(x*x+y*y+z*z) plot f(x) = sin(x*a), a = 0.2, f(x), a = 0.4, f(x)Note that the variable pi is already defined. But it is in no way magic; you may redefine it to be whatever you like. ƍq@`D9 @€€€‚ă§hlI‰‚‚ăkÎnI‰ăÓ^qI‰‚˙Valid names are the same as in most programming languages: they must begin with a letter, but subsequent characters may be letters, digits, "$", or "_". Note, however, that the fit mechanism uses several variables with names that begin "FIT_". It is safest to avoid using such names. "FIT_LIMIT", however, is one that you may wish to redefine. See show functions and show variables. 9šB™D1ü‰ v‰B˙˙˙˙™D\Kglossary)ď`DÂF: B€ß€€€‚‚€ăÂĐÚ‰‚‚ăÂĐÚ‰‚˙glossaryThroughout this document an attempt has been made to maintain consistency of nomenclature. This cannot be wholly successful because as gnuplot has evolved over time, certain command and keyword names have been adopted that preclude such perfection. This section contains explanations of the way some of these terms are used. A "page" or "screen" is the entire area addressable by gnuplot. On a monitor, it is the full screen; on a plotter, it is a single sheet of paper. “b™DUI1 0€Ĺ€€‚‚‚‚‚‚‚ăÂĐÚ‰‚˙A screen may contain one or more "graphs". A graph is defined by an abscissa and an ordinate, although these need not actually appear on it. A graph may contain one or more "plots". A plot is a single function or data set. The plots on a graph may have individual names. These may be listed together with a sample of the line and/or point style used to represent them in the "key", sometimes also called the "legend". The word "title" occurs with multiple meanings in gnuplot. In this document, it will always be preceded by the adjective "graph", "plot", or "key" to differentiate among them. ÖÂF\K1 0€­€€‚ă¸fqI‰€€‚˙A graph may have up to four labelled axes. Various commands have the name of an axis built into their names, such as set xlabel. Other commands have one or more axis names as options, such as set logscale xy. The names of the four axes for these usages are "x" for the axis along the bottom border of the plot, "y" for the left border, "x2" for the top border, and "y2" for the right border. "z" also occurs in commands used with three-dimensional plotting. 9UI•K1qOƒ9ŒC˙˙˙˙•KÍNstart-upT \KéMJ b€€€€‚‚€ăÂĐÚ‰€€€€ăÂĐÚ‰ăÂĐÚ‰‚˙start-upWhen gnuplot is run, it looks for an initialization file to load. This file is called .gnuplot on Unix and AmigaDOS systems, and GNUPLOT.INI on other systems. If this file is not found in the current directory, the program will look for it in the home directory (under AmigaDOS, Atari(single)TOS, MS-DOS and OS/2, the environment variable gnuplot should contain the name of this directory). Note: if NOCWDRC is defined during the installation, gnuplot will not read from the current directory. 乕KÍN+ $€s€€‚ăÂĐÚ‰‚˙If this file is found, gnuplot executes the commands in this file. This is most useful for setting the terminal type and defining any functions or variables that are used often. = éM O1&v‰ED˙˙˙˙ O؁substitutionMÍNcF Z€€€€‚‚€‚‚‚‚ăÂĐÚ‰‚‚‚‚€€€€‚˙substitutionCommand-line substitution is specified by a system command enclosed in backquotes. This command is spawned and the output it produces replaces the name of the OcÍN command (and backquotes) on the command line. Newlines in the output produced by the spawned command are replaced with blanks. Command-line substitution can be used anywhere on the gnuplot command line. Example: This will run the program leastsq and replace leastsq (including backquotes) on the command line with its output: uE O؁0 0€Š€€€‚‚‚€€‚‚˙ f(x) = `leastsq`or, in VMS f(x) = `run leastsq`7c‚1ř 9Œ€E˙˙˙˙‚ Ŕsyntax€Â؁‡ž J… €€€‚‚€ăÂĐÚ‰‚‚ă|­mI‰ă¸łmI‰ă¤ŐnI‰ăÝnI‰€€ă§hlI‰ăçÉmI‰ă|­mI‰ăČŃmI‰ă–oI‰ăHŐnI‰ă¸řnI‰ăBůnI‰ă+oI‰ă‚oI‰ăšWqI‰ăű^qI‰ăĂvlI‰ăFŚmI‰ăŘyrI‰ăĂvlI‰ăFŚmI‰ăŘyrI‰‚˙syntaxThe general rules of syntax and punctuation in gnuplot are that keywords and options are order-dependent. Options and any accompanying parameters are separated by spaces whereas lists and coordinates are separated by commas. Ranges are separated by colons and enclosed in braces [], text and file names are enclosed in quotes, and a few miscellaneous things are enclosed in parentheses. Brackets {} are used for a few special purposes. Commas are used to separate coordinates on the set commands arrow, key, and label; the list of variables being fitted (the list after the via keyword on the fit command); lists of discrete contours or the loop parameters which specify them on the set cntrparam command; the arguments of the set commands dgrid3d, dummy, isosamples, offsets, origin, samples, size, time, and view; lists of tics or the loop parameters which specify them; the offsets for titles and axis labels; parametric functions to be used to calculate the x, y, and z coordinates on the plot, replot and splot commands; and the complete sets of keywords specifying individual plots (data sets or functions) on the plot, replot and splot commands. ŢM‚mŠ‘ đ€›€€‚ă›lI‰ă§hlI‰ăĂvlI‰ăFŚmI‰ăŘyrI‰‚‚‚‚ă|­mI‰ăĂvlI‰ăŘyrI‰‚‚€€ă|­mI‰ăĂvlI‰ăŘyrI‰ă›lI‰ăĂvlI‰ăFŚmI‰ăŘyrI‰ă§hlI‰‚˙Parentheses are used to delimit sets of explicit tics (as opposed to loop parameters) and to indicate computations in the using filter of the fit, plot, replot and splot commands. (Parentheses and commas are also used as usual in function notation.) Braces are used to delimit ranges, whether they are given on set, plot or splot commands. Colons are used to separate extrema in range specifications (whether they are given on set, plot or splot commands) and to separate entries in the using filter of the plot, replot, splot and fit commands. M‡şŒ1 0€9€€‚‚‚ă™>pI‰‚‚‚‚‚˙Semicolons are used to separate commands given on a single line. Brackets are used in text to be specially processed by some terminals, like postscript. They are also used to denote complex numbers: {3,2} = 3 + 2i. Text may be enclosed in single- or double-quotes. Backslash processing of sequences like \n (newline) and \345 (octal character code) is performed for double-quoted strings, but not for single-quoted strings. The justification is the same for each line of a multi-line string. Thus the center-justified string ČmŠʎH ^€‘€€€‚‚€€‚€€‚‚€€‚‚€€‚‚‚˙ "This is the first line of text.\nThis is the second line."will produce This is the first line of text. This is the second line.but 'This is the first line of text.\nThis is the second line.'will produce This is the first line of text.\nThis is the second line.At present you should not embed \n inside {} when using the enhanced option of the postscript terminal. ßşŒ Ŕ' €ż€€‚‚‚‚˙The EEPIC, Imagen, Uniplex, LaTeX, and TPIC drivers allow a newline to be specified by \\ in a single-quoted string or \\\\ in a double-quoted string. Back-quotes are used to enclose system commands for substitution. ʎ Ŕ؁9ʎEŔ1JE˛€F˙˙˙˙EŔşÁcommandsu˛ ŔşÁĂ Te€€€‚‚‚‚ăřhlI‰‚ăŠglI‰‚ă)hlI‰‚ăŤhlI‰‚ă§hlI‰‚ă¸olI‰‚ă plI‰‚ăďulI‰‚ăivlI‰‚ăĂvlI‰‚ăňĽmI‰‚ăŚmI‰‚ă ŚmI‰‚ăFŚmI‰‚㥌mI‰‚ă­mI‰‚ă­mI‰‚ă|­mI‰‚ăKrrI‰‚ăŘyrI‰‚ăUxrI‰‚ă\xrI‰˙commandscdcallclearexitfithelpifloadpauseplotprintpwdquitreplotrereadresetsaveset-showshellsplottestupdate3EŔíÁ1€6‚G˙˙˙˙íÁĐĂcdă„şÁĐĂ_ Œ€ €€€‚‚€€€‚‚‚€€‚‚‚‚‚€€‚€€‚‚‚€€‚‚€€‚‚˙cdThe cd command changes the working directory. Syntax: cd ''The directory name must be enclosed in quotes. Examples: cd 'subdir' cd ".."DOS users _must_ use single-quotes---backslash [\] has special significance inside double-quotes. For example, cd "c:\newdata"fails, but cd 'c:\newdata'works as expected. 5íÁÄ1˛€˙ˆH˙˙˙˙ÄŇËcall •ĐĂČt ś€+€€€‚‚€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€ăďulI‰‚˙callThe call command is identical to the load command with one exception: you can have up to ten additional parameters to the command (delimited according to the standard parser rules) which can be substituted into the lines read from the file. As each line is read from the called input file, it is scanned for the sequence $ (dollar-sign) followed by a digit (0--9). If found, the sequence is replaced by the corresponding parameter from the call command line. If the parameter was specified as a string in the call line, it is substituted without its enclosing quotes. $ followed by any character other than a digit will be that character. E.g. use $$ to get a single $. Providing more than ten parameters on the call command line will cause an error. A parameter that was not provided substitutes as nothing. Files being called may themselves contain call or load commands. $ăÄ2ĘA P€Ç€€‚€€‚‚‚€€‚‚‚‚‚‚‚€€‚˙The call command _must_ be the last command on a multi-command line. Syntax: call "" ... The name of the input file must be enclosed in quotes, and it is recommended that parameters are similarly enclosed in quotes (future versions of gnuplot may treat quoted and unquoted arguments differently). Example: If the file 'calltest.gp' contains the line: print "p0=$0 p1=$1 p2=$2 p3=$3 p4=$4 p5=$5 p6=$6 p7=x$7x" QČŇËO l€Ł€€‚‚€€‚‚‚€€‚‚ă›lI‰€€€€€€‚˙entering the command: call 'calltest.gp' "abcd" 1.2 + "'quoted'" -- "$2"will display: p0=abcd p1=1.2 p2=+ p3='quoted' p4=- p5=- p6=$2 p7=xxNOTE: there is a clash in syntax with the datafile using callback operator. Use $$n or column(n) to access column n from a datafile inside a called datafile plot. 62ĘĚ1r6‚‚‹I˙˙˙˙ĚDĎclearşŇË$Îb ’€u€€€‚‚€€€ădůnI‰ăŻ pI‰‚‚€€ă‚oI‰€€‚‚‚€€‚€€‚˙clearThe clear command erases the current screen or output device as specified by set output. This usually generates a formfeed on hardcopy devices. Use set terminal to set the device type. For some terminals clear erases only the portion of the plotting surface defined by set size, so for these it can be used in conjunction with set multiplot to create an inset. Example: set multiplot plot sin(x) ÉĚDĎW |€“€€€‚€€‚€€‚€€‚€€‚‚ăónI‰ă‚oI‰ăBůnI‰‚˙ set origin 0.5,0.5 set size 0.4,0.4 clear plot cos(x) set nomultiplotPlease see set multiplot, set size, and set origin for details of these commands. 5$ÎyĎ1V˙ˆJ˙˙˙˙yωexitŔDωD V€€€€‚‚€€€ă ŚmI‰ăÂĐÚ‰ă)hlI‰‚˙exitThe commands exit and quit and the END-OF-FILE charactyωDĎer will exit gnuplot. Each of these commands will clear the output device (as does the clear command) before exiting. 4yĎ˝1˜‚‹őK˙˙˙˙˝ŠDfit҉Ä5 8€Ľ€€€‚‚€‚‚‚€€‚˙fitThis implementation incorporates the capability of nonlinear least squares fitting using the Marquardt-Levenberg Algorithm. It may fit any user-defined function to any set of data points (x,y) or (x,y,z). x, y, z and the function's return type _must_ be real! Any variable occurring in the function body may serve as a fit parameter (fitting functions without adjustable parameters make no sense). Syntax: fit {[xrange]} {[yrange]} 3ď˝÷D V€ß€€€‚€€‚‚€€‚‚ăĂvlI‰ăÂĐÚ‰‚˙ '' {datafile-modifiers} via {'' | ,,...}Notice that via is now a required keyword, to distinguish it from a scanf format string. [xrange] and [yrange] are of the form [{variable=}{}{:}], allowing the range of the fit to be limited temporarily in a manner analogous to plot. is any valid gnuplot expression, although it is usual to use a previously user-defined function of the form f(x) or f(x,y). ”<Ä‹X ~€y€€€‚ă›lI‰ăۄlI‰ăĂvlI‰ăŌlI‰ă#}lI‰€€ă›lI‰€€‚˙ is treated as in the `plot` command. All the modifiers fordatafiles (using, every,...) in plot are available here (except smooth)---see plot datafile for full details. The default columns for x and y are 1 and 2. These may be changed by the using x:y mechanism. If using has a third entry (a column or an expression), it will be interpreted as the standard deviation of each y value and will be used to compute the weight; otherwise all data will be weighted equally. If four columns are specified, they are x:y:z:error---note that an error _must_ be specified in order to perform a 3D fit. If errors are not available, a constant value can be specified, e.g., using ...:(1). Initial values for the parameters to be fit may be specified in a (load-)file wherein each line is of the form: ˇ÷– T v€o€€€‚€€‚‚‚‚€€‚‚€€‚‚€€ăÂĐÚ‰€€‚˙ varname = valueComments, marked by '#', and blank lines are permissible. The form varname = value # FIXEDmeans that the variable is treated as a fixed parameter that is initialized but will not be adjusted. It is not necessary (but sometimes useful for clarity) to specify them at all. The keyword '# FIXED' has to appear in exactly this form. The other means of specifying the adjustable parameters is to provide a comma-separated list of variable names after the via keyword. If any of these variables do not yet exist within the current gnuplot session, they are created with an initial value of 1.0, but the fit is more likely to converge if a more appropriate starting value is given. If this form is used, it may prove beneficial to iterate the fit, allowing only one or two variables to be adjusted at a time until a reasonably close fit is obtained, before allowing fit to vary all parameters. Ťt‹A7 <€é€€‚ăÂĐÚ‰ăĂvlI‰ăďulI‰‚˙After each iteration step, detailed information is given about the fit's state, both on the screen and on a logfile "fit.log". This file will never be erased but always appended to so that the fit's history isn't lost. After each iteration step, the fit may be interrupted by pressing Ctrl-C (any key _but_ Ctrl-C under MSDOS and Atari Multitasking Systems). Then you have the options of stopping (and accepting the current parameter values), continuing the iteration of the fit, or executing a gnuplot command specified by an environment variable FIT_SCRIPT. A plot or load command may be useful in this context. Âz– BH ^€ő€€‚ăÂĐÚ‰‚‚€€‚‚‚ăۄlI‰€€€€‚˙Special gnuplot variable: FIT_LIMITmay be specified to change the default epsilon limit (1e-5). When thAB‰e sum of squared residuals changes between two iteration steps by less than a factor of this number, the fit is considered to have 'converged'. [FIT_SKIP was available in previous releases of gnufit. Its functionality is now obtained using the every modifier for datafiles. FIT_INDEX was previously available in order to allow multi-branch fitting. Multi-branch fitting in 2D can now be done as a pseudo-3D fit in which the y values are the dataline number (using 1:-1:...) or index (using 1:-2:...).] ;ßAJD\ †€ż€€‚‚‚€€‚‚‚€€‚‚‚‚€€‚€€‚€€‚€€‚€€‚˙Environment variables: FIT_LOGchanges the logfile's path from './fit.log' (write permission is necessary). FIT_SCRIPTspecifies a command to be executed after an user interrupt. Examples: f(x) = a*x**2 + b*x + c fit f(x) 'measured.dat' via 'start.par' fit f(x) 'measured.dat' using 3:($7-5) via 'start.par' fit f(x) './data/trash.dat' using 1:2:3 via a, b, c fit f(x,y) 'surface.dat' using 1:2:3:(1) via a, b, c@BŠD* $€,€€‚ă\xrI‰‚˙See also update 5JDżD1;„L˙˙˙˙żDĹGhelpo'ŠD.GH ^€O€€€‚‚€€€‚‚€€‚‚ăÂĐÚ‰ăÂĐÚ‰‚˙helpThe help command displays on-line help. To specify information on a particular topic use the syntax: help {}If is not specified, a short message is printed about gnuplot. After help for the requested topic is given, a menu of subtopics is given; help for a subtopic may be requested by typing its name, extending the help request. After that subtopic has been printed, the request may be extended again or you may go back one level to the previous topic. Eventually, the gnuplot command line will return. —sżDĹG$ €ć€€‚‚˙If a question mark (?) is given as the topic, the list of topics currently available is printed on the screen. 3.GřG1Űő˜‡M˙˙˙˙řG KifĆĹG JL f€€€€‚‚€€€‚‚‚€€‚‚€€‚‚‚€€‚˙ifThe if command allows commands to be executed conditionally. Syntax: if () will be evaluated. If it is true (non-zero), then the command(s) of the will be executed. If is false (zero), then the entire is ignored. Note that use of ; to allow multiple commands on the same line will _not_ end the conditionalized commands. Examples: pi=3–CřG KS t€‡€€€‚‚€€‚€€‚‚€€‚‚‚㥌mI‰€€㥌mI‰‚˙ if (pi!=acos(-1)) print "?Fixing pi!"; pi=acos(-1); print piwill display: ?Fixing pi! 3.14159265358979but if (1==2) print "Never see this"; print "Or this either"will not display anything. See reread for an example of how if and reread can be used together to perform a loop. 5 JŐK1$„ˊN˙˙˙˙ŐKÄOloadDŕ KNd –€Á€€€‚‚€€€ă­mI‰€€€€€€€€ăŠglI‰ăÁű‰‚‚€€‚˙loadThe load command executes each line of the specified input file as if it had been typed in interactively. Files created by the save command can later be loaded. Any text file containing valid commands can be created and then executed by the load command. Files being loaded may themselves contain load or call commands. See comment for information about comments in commands. The load command _must_ be the last command on a multi-command line. ŤSŐKÄOX ~€§€€‚‚€€‚‚‚‚‚€€‚€€‚‚€€ăÂĐÚ‰ăÂĐÚ‰ăŠglI‰‚˙Syntax: load ""The name of the input file must be enclosed in quotes. Examples: load 'work.gnu' load "func.dat"The load command is performed implicitly on any file names given as arguments to gnuplot. These are loaded in the order specified, and then gnuplot exits. See also call. 6N €1[˜‡™O˙˙˙˙ €E„pauseÄO €ÄORýÄO^‚U x€ű€€€‚‚€€€€€ăďulI‰‚‚‚€€‚‚€€ăňĽmI‰‚˙pauseThe pause command displays any text associated with the command and then waits a specified amount of time or until the carriage return is pressed. pause is especially useful in conjunction with load files. Syntax: pause